In order to improve the teaching effect of music appreciation course, this paper combines artificial neural network to build a model for improving music appreciation ability, and studies the two major characteristics of music wave oscillation and attenuation. Due to the existence of the frequency of the music wave, the electromagnetic wave less than its frequency cannot pass through the music wave, which makes the music wave can be used in the protection of high-power microwaves. The incident electromagnetic wave will be absorbed and reflected after entering the music wave. Therefore, a calculation model of the transmission power of the electromagnetic wave entering the music wave is proposed. From the analysis of teaching experiment data, it can be seen that the music appreciation model based on artificial neural network proposed in this paper can effectively improve students’ music appreciation ability.