With the continuous development of mineral resources, the formation and evolution of the mining airspace has a serious impact on mine safety and environmental protection. The study addresses the problem of detecting the structure of the mining airspace and proposes a method based on microseismic data monitoring and spatial and temporal analysis of activities. In the process, the longitudinal wave information emitted from the seismic source is used as the information source, the seismic signal is captured by the sensor, the construction method of microseismic data monitoring system is designed, the system of quantitative parameters of microseismic activity of the structures in the hollow zone is constructed, and the calculation of detection parameters is realised by combining the temporal and spatial information, which leads to the results of the detection of the structures in the hollow zone. The experimental results show that the accuracy of microseismic event identification of the research method remains above 97.6% when the number of strata traversed is 8; in the analysis of the leakage rate of the mining hollow zone, the leakage rate of the research method in the deposit when the volume of the area involved is 2 Mm2 is 0.11%; in the analysis of the operating cost, the operating cost of the research method in the coal mine when the volume of the area involved rises to 6 Mm2 is 26 K Yuan. 26 K Yuan, which shows that the research method can detect the structure of the mining zone with higher accuracy and lower cost overheads in the application.